American Diabetes Association . Screening for Diabetes. Position statement. Diabetes Care.1997;20 (suppl 1): s22-s23.Online:

Indicaciones de cribado para diabetes Mellitus recomendadas por el comité de expertos de la Ameericn Diabetes Association, en función de la presencia o no de determinados factores de riesgo. La OMS no establece unas directrices generales e indica la adopción de recomendaciones de cribado en cada zona del mundo en función de sus características poblacionales y de prevalencia especificas.

American Diabetes Association .Report of the expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care.1997;20:1183-1197. Online:

Nueva clasificación y criterios diagnósticos del comité de expertos de la Ameericn Diabetes Association, que sustituyen a los anteriores del National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) de 1979.En líneas generales esta nueva propuesta es coincidente con los planteamientos de la OMS, aunque perduran controversias en cuanto a la preferencia de uno u otro por la SOG cono método diagnostico, y discrepancias en cuanto al concepto , cribado y diagnostico de diabetes gestacional.

National diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance.Diabetes.1979.28:1039-1057.

Primer intento serio de ordenar y consensuar criterios uniformes de diagnostico y clasificación de diabetes Mellitus. Realizada en 1979, refrendada por la OMS en 1985.Vigente hasta la publicación del informe de la ADA de1997.

O`Sullivan,JB. Mahan,CM. :Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes.1964;13:278-284

Criterios originales de O`Sulivan y Mahan referidos a sangre entera, luego convertidos por el National Diabetes Data Group en 1979 en los que actualmente se usan para diagnostico de DG.

Protocolo de seguimiento del embarazo de bajo riesgo. Servicio Andaluz de Salud. Distrito Sanitario de Camas.

Protocolos de Obstetricia y medicina perinatal del Institutio Dexeus3º edicion. Jose M.. Carrera Maciá y cols

Guías y Recomendaciones de Grupos y Sociedades Científicas:

Guía canadiense:

Cribado diabetes gestacional: http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-159/issue-8/diabetescpg/definition.htm#rec10

Control y tratamiento DG: http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-159/issue-8/diabetescpg/oral.htm#rec57

Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; vol 21 (suppl 2):
http://journal.diabetes.org/careSupAugust98.asp

• S.R. Carr. Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; vol 21 (suppl 2): B14-B18.
  http://www.diabetes.org/diabetescare/supplement298/B14.htm
• Coustan DR, Carpenter MW. The diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes: Diabetes Care 1998;21 (supp 2) B5-B8.
  http://journal.diabetes.org/FullText/Supplements/DiabetesCare/Supplement100/Supplement298/B5.asp
  Revisión actualizada sobre los distintos criterios empleados para el diagnostico de diabetes gestacional. Los autores plantean la utilización de sus criterios, mas restrictivos, surgidos de estudios propios. Presentada y aceptada en la cuarta conferencia internacional
• C.J. Homko, E. Sivan, E.A. Reece. Is Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Necessary in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes Care 1998; vol 21 (suppl 2): B118-122.
  http://www.diabetes.org/diabetescare/supplement298/B118.htm
• B.E. Metzger, D.R. Custan, The Organizing Committee Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; vol 21 (suppl 2): B161- .
  http://www.diabetes.org/diabetescare/supplement298/B161.htm
  Resumen de las conclusiones de la ultima conferencia internacional en Diabetes gestacional. Se han celebrado ya 4, desde la 2º se definió la diabetes gestacional tal y como lo conocemos hoy, En esta 4ª conferencia , entre otras novedades se recomienda adoptar los criterios diagnósticos de Carpenter y Coustam .
• L. Jovanovic American Diabetes Association's Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: summary and discussion: therapeutic interventions. Diabetes Care 1998; vol 21 (suppl 2): B131-137
  http://journal.diabetes.org/FullText/Supplements/DiabetesCare/Supplement100/Supplement298/B131.asp

American Diabetes Association. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes care 2000, vol 23 (suppl 1): s77-s79. http://journal.diabetes.org/FullText/Supplements/DiabetesCare/Supplement100/s77.htm

European Diabetes Policy Group. A desktop Guide to Type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Diabetes Federation (European region), 1999. http://www.staff.newcastle.ac.uk/philip.home/t2dg1999.htm

The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society. Gestational diabetes mellitus -- management guidelines. http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/jul20/hoffman/hoffman.html

The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) . Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy. Guia nº 9. http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/sign/pdf/sign9.pdf

Grupo Español de Diabetes y Embarazo (GEDE). Diabetes Mellitus y Embarazo. Guía asistencial. Madrid 2000. (Sociedad Española de Diabetes, Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia- Sección de Medicina perinatal), Sociedad Española de pediatría (Sección de Neonatología)

Grupo de Diabetes de la Sociedad Andaluza de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (SAMFyC). Diabetes y Embarazo. http://www.cica.es/~samfyc/embarazo.htm. Actualizado 28-3-1999.

Meta-análisis y Revisiones sistemáticas

Hod M, Merlob P . Meta-análisis: A meta-analysis of perinatal complications of maternal diabetes. Can they be prevented? Early Pregnancy 1996 Mar;2(1):15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9363197&dopt=Abstract

Walkinshaw SA Dietary regulation for gestational diabetes. Cochrane Library, 2000 isuue 2.http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab000070.htm

Validación test diagnósticos:

Rufo Romero A, Rios Bonnin C, Moron Moron L, Lopez castro MD, Solana Azurmendi A; fernandez fernandez I. Validation of screening for gestational diabetes using a reflectance meter. Third International Conference of the Saint Vincente Declaration Primary Care Diuabetes Group. Istanbul, Oct 1999. Abstract Book: pp 434.

Weiner CP, Faustich MW, Burns J, Fraser M, Whitaker L, Klugman M: Diagnosis of gestational diabetes by capillary blood samples and a portable reflectance meter: derivation of threshold values and prospective validation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1085–1089, 1987http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=3578416&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Landon MB, Cembrowski CB, Gabbe SG: Capillary blood glucose screening for gestational diabetes: a preliminary investigation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:717–721, 1986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=3766624&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Murphy NJ, Meyer BA, O'Kell RT, Hogard ME: Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus with a reflectance photometer: accuracy and precision of the single-operator model. Obstet Gynecol 83:1038–1042, 1994http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=8190419&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Carr SR, Slocum J, Tefft L, Haydon B, Carpenter MW: Precision of office-based blood glucose meters in screening for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:1267– 1272, 1995http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=7485335&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Sacks DA, Greenspoon JS, Abu-Fadil S, Henry HM, Wolde-Tsadik G, Yao JF. Toward universal criteria for gestational diabetes: the 75-gram glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 Feb;172(2 Pt 1):607-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=7856693&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Peruchini D, Fischer U, Spinas GA, Huch R, Huch A, Lehmann R. Using fasting plasma glucose for Gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective population based study. BMJ 1999; 319: 812-5. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/319/7213/812

López MD, Morón L, Rufo A, Solana A, Ortiz MAS, Fernandez I. Estudio de la validez de un desayuno estándar para el despistaje de la diabetes gestacional. Aten Primaria 1996; 18: 231-2.

Ensayos clinicos controlados:

Griffin ME, Coffey M, Johnson H, Scanlon P, Foley M, Stronge J, O'Meara NM, Firth RG. Universal vs. risk factor-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: detection rates, gestation at diagnosis and outcome. Diabet Med. 2000 Jan;17(1):26-32.

Jovanovic-Peterson L, Durak EP, Peterson CM: Randomized trial of diet versus diet plus cardiovascular conditioning on glucose levels in gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:415–419, 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=2764059&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

DeVeciana M, Major CA, Morgan MA, Asrat T, Toohey JS, Lien JM, Evans AT: Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy. N Engl J Med 333:1237–1241, 1995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?uid=7565999&form=6&db=m&Dopt=b

Jovanovic L, Ilic S, Pettitt DJ, Hugo K, Gutierrez M, Bowsher RR, Bastyr EJ 3rd . Metabolic and immunologic effects of insulin lispro in gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22(9):1422-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10480503&dopt=Abstract

Langer O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EM, McFarland MB, Berkus MD, Arrendondo F Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Apr;170(4):1036-46 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8166187&dopt=Abstract

Bung P, Artal R, Khodiguian N, Kjos S. Exercise in gestational diabetes. An optional therapeutic approach? Diabetes. 1991 Dec;40 Suppl 2:182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=PubMed

Estudios de cohortes:

Berkus MD, Langer O. Glucose tolerance test: degree of glucose abnormality correlates with neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Mar;81(3):344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8437783&dopt=Abstract

Hod M, Merlob P, Friedman S, Schoenfeld A, Ovadia J. Gestational diabetes mellitus. A survey of perinatal complications in the 1980s. Diabetes 1991 Dec;40 Suppl 2:74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1748270&dopt=Abstract

Fernández Fernández I, Costa Mestanza CJ, Griera Borrás JL, Guillén Bouza R, Durán García S. Estudio de la tolerancia a la glucosa en los 12 meses postparto en pacientes con Diabetes Gestacional. Med Clin (Barc) 1992; 99: 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1630179&dopt=Abstract

Dacus JV, Meyer NL, Muram D, Stilson R, Phipps P, Sibai BM. Gestational diabetes: postpartum glucose tolerance testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Oct;171(4):927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7943102&dopt=Abstract

Damm P, Kuhl C, Bertelsen A, Molsted-Pedersen L Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Sep;167(3):607-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1530012&dopt=Abstract

Carpenter MW, Coustan DR, Widness JA, Gruppuso PA, Malone M, Rotondo LM ostpartum testing for antecedent gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988 Nov;159(5):1128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3189447&dopt=Abstract

Pallardo F, Herranz L, Garcia-Ingelmo T, Grande C, Martin-Vaquero P, Janez M, Gonzalez A. Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jul;22(7):1053-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10388966&dopt=Abstract